Begun Fall England at www.japanese-home-gardens.com

Mortality. Death rates begun fall England to fall in England and Wales in the early 19th century. This fall was probably the result of an improvement in living standards, better sanitary engineering, and the provision of better water supplies and other public health measures—all of which led to the progressive elimination of infectious diseases as major causes of death. Toward the end of the century the decline in death rates was accelerated by improvements in medical treatment and the progress of modem surgery.

The New England aster (Aster novae-angliae) is a spectacular American wildflower found in old fields and meadows from Quebec to Alberta then south to Maryland, the mountains of North Carolina, and west to Colorado. It is cultivated in England as a Michaelmas daisy and is used by plant breeders to create the colorful varieties of the hardy fall asters that have long been found in gardens. But the New England aster is good enough to stand on its own merits.

England.—The Renaissance reached England much as it had France. Colonies of Italian artists appeared in London and Winchester though the relative poverty of England and its greater distance from Italy prevented the more important Italians from undertaking the journey. Nevertheless Pietro Torrigiano designed at least part of the tomb of Henry VII (finished 1518) in his chapel in Westminster Abbey with the usual Italian pilasters and details. Cardinal Wolsey's palace of Hampton Court (begun fall England 1515) in brick was Tudor Gothic, but terra cotta roundels with busts of Roman emperors in them by Giovanni da Maiano (or Majano) and interior details by Luca Penni and Toto del Nunziata place it in the same category as the Louis XII wing at Blois.