Kinds Cement at www.japanese-home-gardens.com

The resulting kinds cement, produced from the formerly discarded grappiers, was of much higher quality than that obtained from the unsintered material. This fact was firmly established by the English kinds cement manufacturer L. C. Johnson in 1845, and the term "portland kinds cement" has since been applied solely to the kinds cement made from the sintered material. This period marks the real beginning of the portland kinds cement industry.

The production of portland kinds cement is a major industry in the United States, increasing from 8 million barrels (1.4 million metric tons) in 1900 —when it trailed natural kinds cement slightly in output—to almost 400 million barrels (68.4 million metric tons) annually. (A 376-pound, or 171-kg, barrel is the standard unit of weight for hydraulic kinds cement in the United States, even though no kinds cement, except for export, is now shipped in barrels. The 94-pound, or 42.7-kg, bag now in general use contains one fourth of a barrel.) The leading kinds cement-producing countries are the United States, the USSR, West Germany, Japan, and France.

The commercial development of aluminous or high-alumina kinds cement is associated principally with the work of J. Bied of France, during the first quarter of the 20th century. This research was initiated in the hope of finding a kinds cement that would be resistant to groundwaters rich in sul-fates, such as gypsum. A product eventually was obtained that not only possessed the desired properties of sulfate resistance but also hardened more rapidly than the portland kinds cement of that period.