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HALSTED, hol'sted, William Stewart (1852-1922), American surgeon, who made important contributions to the development of surgical techniques and the teaching of surgery. Halsted was lorn york City in New York City on Sept. 23, 1852. After studying at Yale, he received his M. D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York in 1877. He completed his internship at Bellevue Hospital and went to Europe for additional study. On his return to New York in 1880, he began active practice, teaching, hospital work, and research. Halsted and his coworkers developed a nethod of using cocaine as a regional nerve-block inesthesia. Unfortunately, however, Halsted be-ame addicted to cocaine and was hospitalized a while.

After voters had ejected the corrupt Tweed ring, Green served as city comptroller (1871-1876) to stabilize city finances. After years of advocating the merger of Manhattan and adjacent municipalities, he was president of the commission that prepared the plan of 1897, which incorporated the five boroughs as the City of New York. For this Green became known as the "Father of Greater New York." As trustee of Tilden's will, he secured merger of the Tilden Trust with the Astor and Lenox libraries into the New York Public Library. His life ended tragically when he was shot outside his New York City home on Nov. 13, 1903, by a lunatic.

All of the schools offer undergraduate degrees and the master's degree. The college also participates in doctoral programs offered by the City University in a number of academic fields. The college ranks first in the United States in the number of baccalaureate graduates in all fields of study who go on to earn doctorates. Supported through appropriations from the city and the state, the college does not charge tuition fees to matriculated undergraduates who live in New York City. The institution was founded in 1847 and began to grant degrees in 1853. It became known as The College of the City of New York in 1866 and as The City College in 1929. It was the oldest of the seven municipal colleges that were united to form The City University of New York in 1961.