Sub- Surface Water at www.japanese-home-gardens.com

One of the most important effects of ocean currents is that they mix ocean water and so affect directly the fertility of the sea. Mixing is especially important when sub- surface watersurface water is mixed with surface water. The upwelling [1] of sub- surface watersurface water may be caused by strong coastal winds that push the surface water outwards, allowing sub- surface watersurface water to rise up. Such upwelling occurs off the coasts of Peru, California and Mauritania. sub- surface watersurface water rich in nutrients (notably phosphorus and silicon) rises to the surface, stimulating the growth of plankton which provides food for great shoals of fish, such as Peruvian anchovies.

Eventually, part of the water rose to the surface and escaped through cracks and fissures in the earth's crust. This water slowly accumulated in the natural basins of the crust that make up the modern oceans. Similar events should have occurred on Venus over the past 4.5 billion years, the assumed age of the earth, and as a result some water should now cover the surface of Venus. Because of the extremely high temperature of the Venusian surface, however, the water would not be present as a liquid but in the form of vapor in the atmosphere.

To test for a high water Table (poor subsurface drainage) dig one or more holes about two feet square and two feet deep. Bank a low ridge of soil around each and cover it with boards and tar paper or in some other way prevent surface water from draining in. Examine the holes from time to time. If free water remains within 18 inches of the surface for long periods the ground would be improved by a detailed draining program.