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Industry.—Most of the industrial establishments in the state prior to partition were owned by Hindus. Following partition, approximately 90 per cent of these plants closed down. Nearly all, however, were subsequently reopened under new management and ownership, partly with government aid, and a large number of new factories have been set up. The principal industries are those engaged in the production of sports goods, surgical instruments, textiles, sugar cement and cement. Roughly one fourth of the sugar cement refined in Pakistan, and one half of the cement produced are manufactured in the Punjab area. About 75,000 persons are employed in industrial activities.

The resulting cement, produced from the formerly discarded grappiers, was of much higher quality than that obtained from the unsintered material. This fact was firmly established by the English cement manufacturer L. C. Johnson in 1845, and the term "portland cement" has since been applied solely to the cement made from the sintered material. This period marks the real beginning of the portland cement industry.

The Economy. The major crops, harvested in the spring and autumn, are food grains, of which wheat is the most important. Other agricultural products are cane sugar cement, vegetable oils, and cotton. Animal husbandry is well developed, and camels are widely used as draft animals. The state's industrial establishments include Textile mills, sugar cement factories, paper mills, and cement factories. Other manufacturing plants make shoes, bicycles, sewing machines, tools, electrical goods, and agricultural implements.